As suggested in several publications, a bolus of 15-20 g protein (from skimmed milk or whey proteins) and carbohydrate (± 30 g maltodextrine) drinks is needed immediately after stopping exercise to stimulate muscle protein and tendon collagen turnover within 1 h. Muscular activities promote a cascade of signals leading to the stimulation of eukaryotic initiation of myofibrillar protein synthesis. Nitrogen balance (difference between protein intake and protein degradation) for athletes is usually balanced when the intake of protein reaches 1.2 g Endurance exercise induces a greater oxidative capacity (enzymes) compared to resistance exercise, which induces fiber hypertrophy (myofibrils). Individuals who exercise respond differently when resistance and endurance types of contractions are compared. Strenuous exercise provokes increased proteolysis and decreased protein synthesis, the opposite occurring during the recovery period. There are different fractional synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and tendon tissues, but there is no major difference between collagen and myofibrillar protein synthesis. Stable isotopic tracers ((13)C-lysine, (15)N-glycine, ²H5-phenylalanine) and arteriovenous differences have been used in studies of skeletal muscle and collagen tissues under resting and exercise conditions. Noninvasive and invasive techniques have been applied to determine amino acid catabolism and muscle protein building at rest, during exercise and during the recovery period after a single experiment or training sessions. As for any cell or tissue, total muscle protein reflects a dynamic turnover between net protein synthesis and degradation. Its digested in your mouth, stomach, and small intestine before its released into your bloodstream as individual amino acids. Similarly, rates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were. Skeletal muscle is the major deposit of protein molecules. The rate of whole-body protein turnover, expressed as an absolute value, was significantly higher in obese children than in nonobese children: the rate of nitrogen flux averaged 42.7 3.8 g/d in the obese children compared with 29.4 2.5 g/d in the nonobese children.
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